A Novel Interleaving Scheme for Polar Codes

It's known that the bit errors of polar codes with successive cancellation (SC) decoding are coupled. We call the coupled information bits the correlated bits. In this paper, concatenation schemes are studied for polar codes (as inner codes) and LDPC codes (as outer codes). In a conventional concatenation scheme, to achieve a better BER performance, one can divide all $N_l$ bits in a LDPC block into $N_l$ polar blocks to completely de-correlate the possible coupled errors. In this paper, we propose a novel interleaving scheme between a LDPC code and a polar code which breaks the correlation of the errors among the correlated bits. This interleaving scheme still keeps the simple SC decoding of polar codes while achieves a comparable BER performance at a much smaller delay compared with a $N_l$-block delay scheme

The effects of massive graviton on the equilibrium between the black hole and radiation gas in an isolated box

It is well known that the black hole can has temperature and radiate the particles with black body spectrum, i.e. Hawking radiation. Therefore, if the black hole is surrounded by an isolated box, there is a thermal equilibrium between the black hole and radiation gas. A simple case considering the thermal equilibrium between the Schwarzschild black hole and radiation gas in an isolated box has been well investigated previously in detail, i.e. taking the conservation of energy and principle of maximal entropy for the isolated system into account. In this paper, following the above spirit, the effects of massive graviton on the thermal equilibrium will be investigated. For the gravity with massive graviton, we will use the de Rham-Gabadadze-Tolley (dRGT) massive gravity which has been proven to be ghost free. Because the graviton mass depends on two parameters in the dRGT massive gravity, here we just investigate two simple cases related to the two parameters, respectively. Our results show that in the first case the massive graviton can suppress or increase the condensation of black hole in the radiation gas although the $T-E$ diagram is similar like the Schwarzschild black hole case. For the second case, a new $T-E$ diagram has been obtained. Moreover, an interesting and important prediction is that the condensation of black hole just increases from the zero radius of horizon in this case, which is very different from the Schwarzschild black hole case.Comment: 9 pages, 4 figure

Report on the project to process the Sports Archives

This report is a summary of the project to process the Sports Archives for the University of Windsor. The Archives contains largely the records of several Canadian intercollegiate sports organizations, as well as those of provincial and local level high-school sports from 1906 to the 1980s. The records of the Faculty of Human Kinetics are also included. The practical process consisted of archival appraisal, arrangement and description. Records were sorted, evaluated, retained or disposed of. Those kept were properly stored in labelled folders and boxes. Twelve descriptive guides were prepared. The establishment of the Sports Archives is indicative of the expansion of archival science and heritage industry. The records held in the archives will serve as valuable first-hand primary resources for the writing of histories of Canadian sports and physical education. They may also provide information for research in Canadian social and cultural history as well as for the examination of international sports exchanges between Canada and the United States. The diversity of the contents and the forms is the major feature of the records whjch were collected and donated by various sports organizations and individuals. The challenge was further increased by the incompleteness and the lack of order in some collections. To deal with the problems, considerable effort was made to analyze the records, collect background information, and explore the approaches that might best suit the requirements of the Archives. This report is based on the practical process described above. It discusses the related archival principles and techniques applied in the processing work and includes possible solutions to the problems encountered. The emphasis of the discussion is on the understanding of these principles and the adjusted application of them in accordance with the features of the records. The discussion consists of three parts with an introduction which presents a sketch of the project, the features of the records, the emphasis of the principle of provenance and the analysis of interconnectivity. These aspects are further developed in the successive chapters of appraisal, arrangement and description. The appraisal part focuses on the evaluation and retention of the records, which also serves as a provenance and the basis, together with the principle analysis of interconnectivity, for of the arrangement of organizing the Archives into meaningful record groups. The last part embodies all the previous considerations in written form and provides intellectual control to both the archival reference staff and archival patrons

Generalized Vaidya Solutions and Misner-Sharp mass for nn-dimensional massive gravity

Dynamical solutions are always of interest to people in gravity theories. We derive a series of generalized Vaidya solutions in the $n$-dimensional de Rham-Gabadadze-Tolley (dRGT) massive gravity with a singular reference metric. Similar to the case of the Einstein gravity, the generalized Vaidya solution can describe shining/absorbing stars. Moreover, we also find a more general Vaidya-like solution by introducing a more generic matter field than the pure radiation in the original Vaidya spacetime. As a result, the above generalized Vaidya solution is naturally included in this Vaidya-like solution as a special case. We investigate the thermodynamics for this Vaidya-like spacetime by using the unified first law, and present the generalized Misner-Sharp mass. Our results show that the generalized Minser-Sharp mass does exist in this spacetime. In addition, the usual Clausius relation $\delta Q= TdS$ holds on the apparent horizon, which implicates that the massive gravity is in a thermodynamic equilibrium state. We find that the work density vanishes for the generalized Vaidya solution, while it appears in the more general Vaidya-like solution. Furthermore, the covariant generalized Minser-Sharp mass in the $n$-dimensional de Rham-Gabadadze-Tolley massive gravity is also derived by taking a general metric ansatz into account.Comment: 10 pages, no figure, version published in PR